Thu, 25 Jan 2007 16:13:49 +0100
From: "Olda Vancata" <olda.vancata@...>
Subject: Re: [BEE-L] Illegal use of pesticide in bee hives
Oxalic acid is hurting (weakening) bees and open a gate for
secondary diseases ( for instance - virus).
Apidologie 35 (2004) 453-460
DOI: 10.1051/apido:2004037
Cell death in honeybee (Apis mellifera) larvae treated with oxalic or
formic acid Ales Gregorca, Azra Pogacnika and Ivor D. Bowenb
a Veterinary Faculty of the University of Ljubljana, Gerbiceva 60,
1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
b Cardiff School of Biosciences, Preclinical Building, Cardiff
University, PO Box 911, Cardiff, CF10 3US, UK
Abstract - The effects of oxalic (OA) and formic acids (FA) on
honeybee larvae in colonies were assessed and evaluated. Cell death
was detected by the TUNEL technique for DNA labelling. In 3- and 5-
day-old larvae exposed to OA, cell death was found in 25% of midgut
epithelial cells 5 h after the treatment, using an "In situ cell
death detection kit, AP" (Roche). The level of cell death increased
to 70% by the 21st hour and the morphology of the epithelium remained
unchanged. Fifty hours after the application, cell death was
established in 18% of the epithelial cells of the 3-day-old larvae
and had increased to 82% in the 5-day-old larvae. A "DeadEnd"
apoptosis detection kit (Promega) showed sporadic cell death mainly
in the larval fat body 5 h after treatment. Twenty-one hours after
the OA application cell death was found in 4% of the larval midgut
epithelial cells. Evaporated formic acid induced extensive apoptotic
cell death in the peripheral, cuticular and subcuticular tissues that
preceded the cell death of the entire larval body.