1:1 by weight in the spring, for everything. I asked the president of our BeeKeepers assoc. this when I first started. He said to keep it simple you can use 5 pounds of sugar to a gallon of water, but that isn't really true 1:1. I believe 8 pounds of sugar to a gallon of water is closer to true 1:1, but I have yet to see an 8 lb. bag of sugar for sale at Walmart. 5lbs to a gallon seems to work fine.